As emerging readers develop, they begin to add significantly to their word base. Reading consists of several skills, one of which is the memorization of many high frequency words, or sight words. These are words that occur often when we read and tend to make up the majority of the words we read when reading. There are many high frequency or sight word lists that parents and teachers can choose from. For our purposes, we us the Fry’s Instant Word List.
According to E. B. Fry, who developed the Fry’s Instant Word List, there are 300 words that are essential to developing readers. It is suggested that: “This list contains the most commonly used words in written English, ranked in frequency order. The 300 instant words and their common variants make up 65% of all the words in any textbook, any newspaper, or any writing sample in English.” (Rite Flight: A Classroom Reading Program: 2006, 169) Therefore, the faster a student is able to recognize these words, the less effort they will need to decode these words and the quicker their reading rate will be.
The Word Box is a tool designed to give students repetitive practice with orthographically inconsistent words, or high frequency sight words. It is a simple tool that, when used consistently and properly, is very powerful. Words are added that the student doesn’t know from either a high frequency word list or from words missed in their reading.
Every student will have a box, which will hold all their unknown sight words. There are several categories of sight words: slow, medium, fast, and graduates. We encourage students to pick their own labels for these categories in order to personalize their box (ex. snails, dogs, eagles, etc).
When a new word is added, it will begin in the slow category. Once the student is able to correctly read the word, it will move up to the medium category.
When the student is able to read the word within two seconds, it will move up to the fast category.
Once a word is in the fast category, the student must read it correctly 5 times in a row to move it up to “graduate.” This must be read within a second. Remember these should be instant words, and students should recognize them as quickly as they recognize their own name. We will mark each correct reading of a fast word with a check on the back of the index card to keep track. Occasionally a word may be misread, or slow, in which case it will need to move down a category.
The word is printed neatly in black marker on the blank side of an index card and added to the box. Every so often a student may need a visual “hint” to help them recognize a word. This is done lightly in pencil and is erased when the word has moved up to the fast category.
When students miss words, it is helpful to have them image or visualize the word by drawing it on the table or in the air with their finger. This will help develop their visual memory for the word so it can be easily recognized in the future.
Students should practice their box several times a week for 10-15 minutes. The word box is an effective and strategic way for students to develop their word knowledge.
https://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/images-1.jpg183275ColoradoReadinghttps://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/colorado-reading-center-logo-1.pngColoradoReading2017-09-28 20:57:422023-02-20 10:23:33Practice with a Word Box
If you think back into history when you were just beginning to read and spell, there was most likely a moment when you asked yourself: “Why do we spell words the way we do?” You probably asked yourself this during a moment of frustration while trying to master a challenging word.
A student may read the word “love” as /loav/, or they may spell the word “of” u-v. In one sense these are great errors to be making, especially on their first attempt. They are demonstrating their knowledge of language up to this point and trying to work rationally from what they know. These types of errors show that they have internalized some orthographic rules (that is, the conventions of the English language) and are trying to apply them.
Another question is why are these answers wrong? Why isn’t love spelled “luv,” or enough “enuf?” English is a living language, which means it is in constant flux. For example, the word love was taken from the Latin word lubere, digested by Old German into luba, rung through Old English as lufa to emerge in our current variation: love. New words are being added all the time. In addition to that, English is a real melting pot of a language that pulls from lots of languages (many of which don’t get along with each other). A language like Latin is defined and doesn’t need to absorb or evolve over time. English in 500 years will no doubt be just as uncanny as the language of Shakespeare is to us today.
There have been attempts to create a more rational language that has fixed logical orthographic rules. Esperanto is one example of this. English has a lot of spelling challenges that relate to homophones and which mainly serve our understanding of language more than our spelling abilities.
For English speakers we are stuck having to learn a good deal of orthographically inconsistent words, or as we say: “words that just don’t play fair.” We have to learn to embrace, and possibly love, the hodgepodge that is our language.
How then should a student be corrected when they spell a word incorrectly like u-v? What should we do when they read “of” as “off?” There is an underlying skill that allows students to recognize unfair words. It is called visual memory.
Visual memory is the ability to hold an image in our mind’s eye. This could be an image of an object, a person’s face, or in the case of reading: symbols like letters. It is the ability to recognize, discriminate and reproduce mental images of symbols, and more specifically, letters and words.
Knowing now that this skill is at work when we read, we can do more than just practice the word that was an error. We can directly stimulate and develop this skill. One way to help reinforce an unfair word that a student struggles to remember is to have them create an image of the word in their mind. You can have them draw the letters from their memory on the table with their finger, or in the air in front of them. This type of visual memory practice will help to create and reinforce the neural imprint the student is making of the word. Once the student has a strong matching imprint of how the word should look in their mind, they will experience more success recognizing it, reading it, and spelling it. Little by little, they will build their word knowledge to encompass all the words needed for the English language. If you still think we should have more rational spelling rule in our language, then I encourage you to read the following.
Below is a well-known humorous example for the need for complex spelling rules: The European Union commissioners have announced that agreement has been reached to adopt English as the preferred language for European communications, rather than German, which was the other possibility. As part of the negotiations, Her Majesty’s Government conceded that English spelling had some room for improvement and has accepted a five-year phased plan for what will be known as EuroEnglish (Euro for short). In the first year, ‘s’ will be used instead of the soft ‘c’. Sertainly, sivil servants will resieve this news with joy. Also, the hard ‘c’ will be replaced with ‘k.’ Not only will this klear up konfusion, but typewriters kan have one less letter. There will be growing publik enthusiasm in the sekond year, when the troublesome ‘ph’ will be replaced by ‘f’. This will make words like ‘fotograf’ 20 per sent shorter. In the third year, publik akseptanse of the new spelling kan be expekted to reach the stage where more komplikated changes are possible. Governments will enkourage the removal of double letters, which have always ben a deterent to akurate speling. Also, al wil agre that the horible mes of silent ‘e’s in the languag is disgrasful, and they would go. By the fourth year, peopl wil be reseptiv to steps such as replasing ‘th’ by ‘z’ and ‘W’ by ‘V’. During ze fifz year, ze unesesary ‘o’ kan be dropd from vords kontaining ‘ou’, and similar changes vud of kors; be aplid to ozer kombinations of leters. After zis fifz yer, ve vil hav a reli sensibl riten styl. Zer vil b no mor trubls or difikultis and evrivun vil find it ezi tu understand ech ozer. Ze drem vil finali kum tru.
https://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/head-1.jpg9531024ColoradoReadinghttps://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/colorado-reading-center-logo-1.pngColoradoReading2017-09-28 19:46:422022-10-05 14:39:23Language Isn't Logical, But We Want It To Be
You may know the riddle: When is a door not a door? Answer: When it’s ajar.
It’s a simple joke, but it shows how much riddles and puns depend on wordplay. To understand them, readers need a strong grasp of English — especially the tricky world of homophones and homographs.
What Are Homophones?
A homophone is a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning.
Heterographs: Different spelling + different meaning, but identical sound.
Here vs. hear
To, too, two
Other homophones can share spelling but shift meaning depending on context.
He “gasses” up the truck vs. The atmosphere has many “gases”
Subgroups of Homophones
Homonyms → Same pronunciation, different meanings.
I “tire” of this vs. The “tire” is flat
Their / there / they’re
Heterographs → Subset of homonyms; different spelling + different meaning + same sound.
Lie down vs. Tell a lie
Heteronyms → Same spelling + different pronunciation + different meaning.
Row a boat vs. Family had a row
What Are Homographs?
A homograph is a word with the same spelling but different meanings.
Example: Tire (to grow weary) vs. Tire (on a car).
Some homographs are also heteronyms when the pronunciation changes.
Why This Is Challenging for Readers
English is a mix of influences and spellings, which makes it full of confusing pairs and groups of words. For students, especially those with learning differences, this can feel overwhelming.
Teachers can help by:
Giving plenty of exposure to words in context.
Reinforcing spelling and meaning through repetition.
Using visual imaging strategies so students build a mental “snapshot” of each word.
The Bottom Line
Homophones, homographs, and their cousins create wordplay, jokes, and sometimes confusion. But with practice and support, students can build the lexical knowledge they need to master these tricky words — and even enjoy the humor in a good riddle.
https://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/door_vector_287808-1.jpg425425ColoradoReadinghttps://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/colorado-reading-center-logo-1.pngColoradoReading2016-09-21 20:27:562025-09-25 11:18:21Homophones, Homographs, and Why They Matter for Readers
Imagine yourself rushing through Denver International Airport. You hop on the moving walkway to speed things up. You’ve got no bags, just a book in hand, and soon you’re passing everyone with ease.
Beside you is a couple: a woman juggling a baby and a diaper bag, a man pulling two heavy suitcases. They pause, readjust, and slowly move forward. A group of students carrying instruments strolls casually, moving no faster than the walkway itself.
You, meanwhile, stride forward, reach your gate in record time, and open your book while others are still arriving.
The Connection to Reading
Learning to read works much the same way:
Some students race ahead. They pick up reading quickly, like travelers walking briskly on the moving walkway.
Some move steadily. Like the school band group, they progress at a comfortable pace with little extra effort.
Some struggle under the weight of extra “bags.” They pause, get stuck, and need help to move forward—much like the parents balancing a child and luggage.
The Extra “Bags” Readers Carry
Developing reading skills requires many underlying abilities to work together:
Phonological processing
Memory and recall
Language development
Attention and focus
Conditions like dyslexia
When one of these areas is weak, a child carries extra “bags” that slow progress.
Why Individualized Instruction Matters
For many students, standard reading instruction works well. But for others, success comes only when instruction is targeted to their needs. A reading specialist identifies which skills need strengthening and builds them step by step—like a personal trainer for the mind.
As those foundational skills grow stronger, the “bags” feel lighter. Students gain confidence, move at their own pace, and eventually reach their full potential—just like travelers finally reaching the departure gate.
https://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/1956-goodyear-1999-ny-subway-sm.jpg367550ColoradoReadinghttps://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/colorado-reading-center-logo-1.pngColoradoReading2016-04-21 17:41:242025-09-25 11:11:37The Wisdom of a Movable Walkway
Did you know that English uses just 44 sounds (phonemes) to build every word we speak and read? That may not sound like much, but the number of combinations is endless. For young readers, learning to hear, make, and blend these sounds is the foundation of reading.
From Sounds to Letters
Children start by recognizing and producing the 44 phonemes of English. The next step is connecting these sounds to letter names. For example: “The letter a says /a/, like in apple.” At this stage, children are adding a label (the letter’s name) to the sound they already know.
After that comes the challenge of connecting the sound and name to a symbol. A child begins to recognize that the written letter a represents the /a/ sound. This creates a three-part connection:
Phoneme: the sound
Grapheme: the written symbol
Letter name: the label we give it
Together, these form the foundation of sound–symbol association
Why English Isn’t Simple
If English had one letter for every sound, reading would be much easier. But we only have 26 letters to represent 44 sounds. That means some letters get used in creative ways — and readers need to learn extra rules and patterns.
Four letters (c, q, x, y) don’t always have their own consistent sound identity.
Five letters are vowels (a, e, i, o, u). Vowels give words their “voice.”
The remaining 17 letters are consonants, made by shaping and stopping sounds with the mouth.
So far that covers 22 sounds. Where do the others come from?
Digraphs and Special Sounds
To make the rest, English combines letters into digraphs — two letters that work together to make one sound. Examples include:
th → /th/ as in thin or /th/ as in this
sh → /sh/ as in ship
ch → /ch/ as in chip
ng → /ng/ as in ring
zh → /zh/ as in casual or Asia
Altogether, digraphs add seven more sounds, bringing us to 29.
Vowels: Short, Long, and R-Controlled
Short vowels: /a/ in apple, /e/ in egg, etc.
Long vowels: when vowels “say their name,” like /a/ in cake.
R-controlled vowels: /ar/ in car, /or/ in horn, /er/ in bird.
With these, we reach 39.
The Last Five
English finishes the set with:
/oo/ as in moon
/ʊʊ/ as in book
/oi/ as in boil
/ou/ as in cow
/au/ as in haul
That brings the total to 44 phonemes.
Why This Matters for Readers
Learning to connect sounds, letters, and symbols is complex. Some students struggle with:
Auditory processing → hearing and distinguishing sounds
Memory → recalling letter names, forms, or sounds
Multiple spellings → realizing one sound may have several spellings
This is why teachers must approach instruction with patience, playfulness, and praise. Building phonemic awareness and sound–symbol association is the key step that unlocks reading success.
https://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/listening.jpg276460ColoradoReadinghttps://coloradoreading.com/wp-content/uploads/colorado-reading-center-logo-1.pngColoradoReading2016-04-20 22:17:022025-09-25 11:07:40The Sound Symbol Association
Practice with a Word Box
/in CRC Program, Tips & Tools for Home /by ColoradoReadingAs emerging readers develop, they begin to add significantly to their word base. Reading consists of several skills, one of which is the memorization of many high frequency words, or sight words. These are words that occur often when we read and tend to make up the majority of the words we read when reading. There are many high frequency or sight word lists that parents and teachers can choose from. For our purposes, we us the Fry’s Instant Word List.
According to E. B. Fry, who developed the Fry’s Instant Word List, there are 300 words that are essential to developing readers. It is suggested that: “This list contains the most commonly used words in written English, ranked in frequency order. The 300 instant words and their common variants make up 65% of all the words in any textbook, any newspaper, or any writing sample in English.” (Rite Flight: A Classroom Reading Program: 2006, 169) Therefore, the faster a student is able to recognize these words, the less effort they will need to decode these words and the quicker their reading rate will be.
The Word Box is a tool designed to give students repetitive practice with orthographically inconsistent words, or high frequency sight words. It is a simple tool that, when used consistently and properly, is very powerful. Words are added that the student doesn’t know from either a high frequency word list or from words missed in their reading.
Every student will have a box, which will hold all their unknown sight words. There are several categories of sight words: slow, medium, fast, and graduates. We encourage students to pick their own labels for these categories in order to personalize their box (ex. snails, dogs, eagles, etc).
When a new word is added, it will begin in the slow category. Once the student is able to correctly read the word, it will move up to the medium category.
When the student is able to read the word within two seconds, it will move up to the fast category.
Once a word is in the fast category, the student must read it correctly 5 times in a row to move it up to “graduate.” This must be read within a second. Remember these should be instant words, and students should recognize them as quickly as they recognize their own name. We will mark each correct reading of a fast word with a check on the back of the index card to keep track. Occasionally a word may be misread, or slow, in which case it will need to move down a category.
The word is printed neatly in black marker on the blank side of an index card and added to the box. Every so often a student may need a visual “hint” to help them recognize a word. This is done lightly in pencil and is erased when the word has moved up to the fast category.
When students miss words, it is helpful to have them image or visualize the word by drawing it on the table or in the air with their finger. This will help develop their visual memory for the word so it can be easily recognized in the future.
Students should practice their box several times a week for 10-15 minutes. The word box is an effective and strategic way for students to develop their word knowledge.
Language Isn’t Logical, But We Want It To Be
/in General /by ColoradoReadingIf you think back into history when you were just beginning to read and spell, there was most likely a moment when you asked yourself: “Why do we spell words the way we do?” You probably asked yourself this during a moment of frustration while trying to master a challenging word.
A student may read the word “love” as /loav/, or they may spell the word “of” u-v. In one sense these are great errors to be making, especially on their first attempt. They are demonstrating their knowledge of language up to this point and trying to work rationally from what they know. These types of errors show that they have internalized some orthographic rules (that is, the conventions of the English language) and are trying to apply them.
Another question is why are these answers wrong? Why isn’t love spelled “luv,” or enough “enuf?” English is a living language, which means it is in constant flux. For example, the word love was taken from the Latin word lubere, digested by Old German into luba, rung through Old English as lufa to emerge in our current variation: love. New words are being added all the time. In addition to that, English is a real melting pot of a language that pulls from lots of languages (many of which don’t get along with each other). A language like Latin is defined and doesn’t need to absorb or evolve over time. English in 500 years will no doubt be just as uncanny as the language of Shakespeare is to us today.
There have been attempts to create a more rational language that has fixed logical orthographic rules. Esperanto is one example of this. English has a lot of spelling challenges that relate to homophones and which mainly serve our understanding of language more than our spelling abilities.
For English speakers we are stuck having to learn a good deal of orthographically inconsistent words, or as we say: “words that just don’t play fair.” We have to learn to embrace, and possibly love, the hodgepodge that is our language.
How then should a student be corrected when they spell a word incorrectly like u-v? What should we do when they read “of” as “off?” There is an underlying skill that allows students to recognize unfair words. It is called visual memory.
Visual memory is the ability to hold an image in our mind’s eye. This could be an image of an object, a person’s face, or in the case of reading: symbols like letters. It is the ability to recognize, discriminate and reproduce mental images of symbols, and more specifically, letters and words.
Knowing now that this skill is at work when we read, we can do more than just practice the word that was an error. We can directly stimulate and develop this skill. One way to help reinforce an unfair word that a student struggles to remember is to have them create an image of the word in their mind. You can have them draw the letters from their memory on the table with their finger, or in the air in front of them. This type of visual memory practice will help to create and reinforce the neural imprint the student is making of the word. Once the student has a strong matching imprint of how the word should look in their mind, they will experience more success recognizing it, reading it, and spelling it. Little by little, they will build their word knowledge to encompass all the words needed for the English language. If you still think we should have more rational spelling rule in our language, then I encourage you to read the following.
Below is a well-known humorous example for the need for complex spelling rules:
The European Union commissioners have announced that agreement has been reached to adopt English as the preferred language for European communications, rather than German, which was the other possibility. As part of the negotiations, Her Majesty’s Government conceded that English spelling had some room for improvement and has accepted a five-year phased plan for what will be known as EuroEnglish (Euro for short). In the first year, ‘s’ will be used instead of the soft ‘c’. Sertainly, sivil servants will resieve this news with joy. Also, the hard ‘c’ will be replaced with ‘k.’ Not only will this klear up konfusion, but typewriters kan have one less letter. There will be growing publik enthusiasm in the sekond year, when the troublesome ‘ph’ will be replaced by ‘f’. This will make words like ‘fotograf’ 20 per sent shorter. In the third year, publik akseptanse of the new spelling kan be expekted to reach the stage where more komplikated changes are possible. Governments will enkourage the removal of double letters, which have always ben a deterent to akurate speling. Also, al wil agre that the horible mes of silent ‘e’s in the languag is disgrasful, and they would go. By the fourth year, peopl wil be reseptiv to steps such as replasing ‘th’ by ‘z’ and ‘W’ by ‘V’. During ze fifz year, ze unesesary ‘o’ kan be dropd from vords kontaining ‘ou’, and similar changes vud of kors; be aplid to ozer kombinations of leters. After zis fifz yer, ve vil hav a reli sensibl riten styl. Zer vil b no mor trubls or difikultis and evrivun vil find it ezi tu understand ech ozer. Ze drem vil finali kum tru.
Homophones, Homographs, and Why They Matter for Readers
/in General /by ColoradoReadingYou may know the riddle: When is a door not a door?
Answer: When it’s ajar.
It’s a simple joke, but it shows how much riddles and puns depend on wordplay. To understand them, readers need a strong grasp of English — especially the tricky world of homophones and homographs.
What Are Homophones?
A homophone is a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning.
Heterographs: Different spelling + different meaning, but identical sound.
Here vs. hear
To, too, two
Other homophones can share spelling but shift meaning depending on context.
He “gasses” up the truck vs. The atmosphere has many “gases”
Subgroups of Homophones
Homonyms → Same pronunciation, different meanings.
I “tire” of this vs. The “tire” is flat
Their / there / they’re
Heterographs → Subset of homonyms; different spelling + different meaning + same sound.
Lie down vs. Tell a lie
Heteronyms → Same spelling + different pronunciation + different meaning.
Row a boat vs. Family had a row
What Are Homographs?
A homograph is a word with the same spelling but different meanings.
Example: Tire (to grow weary) vs. Tire (on a car).
Some homographs are also heteronyms when the pronunciation changes.
Why This Is Challenging for Readers
English is a mix of influences and spellings, which makes it full of confusing pairs and groups of words. For students, especially those with learning differences, this can feel overwhelming.
Teachers can help by:
Giving plenty of exposure to words in context.
Reinforcing spelling and meaning through repetition.
Using visual imaging strategies so students build a mental “snapshot” of each word.
The Bottom Line
Homophones, homographs, and their cousins create wordplay, jokes, and sometimes confusion. But with practice and support, students can build the lexical knowledge they need to master these tricky words — and even enjoy the humor in a good riddle.
The Wisdom of a Movable Walkway
/in CRC Program /by ColoradoReadingLearning to Read: An Airport Walkway Analogy
The Walk to the Gate
Imagine yourself rushing through Denver International Airport. You hop on the moving walkway to speed things up. You’ve got no bags, just a book in hand, and soon you’re passing everyone with ease.
Beside you is a couple: a woman juggling a baby and a diaper bag, a man pulling two heavy suitcases. They pause, readjust, and slowly move forward. A group of students carrying instruments strolls casually, moving no faster than the walkway itself.
You, meanwhile, stride forward, reach your gate in record time, and open your book while others are still arriving.
The Connection to Reading
Learning to read works much the same way:
Some students race ahead. They pick up reading quickly, like travelers walking briskly on the moving walkway.
Some move steadily. Like the school band group, they progress at a comfortable pace with little extra effort.
Some struggle under the weight of extra “bags.” They pause, get stuck, and need help to move forward—much like the parents balancing a child and luggage.
The Extra “Bags” Readers Carry
Developing reading skills requires many underlying abilities to work together:
Phonological processing
Memory and recall
Language development
Attention and focus
Conditions like dyslexia
When one of these areas is weak, a child carries extra “bags” that slow progress.
Why Individualized Instruction Matters
For many students, standard reading instruction works well. But for others, success comes only when instruction is targeted to their needs. A reading specialist identifies which skills need strengthening and builds them step by step—like a personal trainer for the mind.
As those foundational skills grow stronger, the “bags” feel lighter. Students gain confidence, move at their own pace, and eventually reach their full potential—just like travelers finally reaching the departure gate.
The Sound Symbol Association
/in The Science of Reading /by ColoradoReadingUnderstanding the 44 Sounds of English
Did you know that English uses just 44 sounds (phonemes) to build every word we speak and read? That may not sound like much, but the number of combinations is endless. For young readers, learning to hear, make, and blend these sounds is the foundation of reading.
From Sounds to Letters
Children start by recognizing and producing the 44 phonemes of English. The next step is connecting these sounds to letter names. For example: “The letter a says /a/, like in apple.” At this stage, children are adding a label (the letter’s name) to the sound they already know.
After that comes the challenge of connecting the sound and name to a symbol. A child begins to recognize that the written letter a represents the /a/ sound. This creates a three-part connection:
Phoneme: the sound
Grapheme: the written symbol
Letter name: the label we give it
Together, these form the foundation of sound–symbol association
Why English Isn’t Simple
If English had one letter for every sound, reading would be much easier. But we only have 26 letters to represent 44 sounds. That means some letters get used in creative ways — and readers need to learn extra rules and patterns.
Four letters (c, q, x, y) don’t always have their own consistent sound identity.
Five letters are vowels (a, e, i, o, u). Vowels give words their “voice.”
The remaining 17 letters are consonants, made by shaping and stopping sounds with the mouth.
So far that covers 22 sounds. Where do the others come from?
Digraphs and Special Sounds
To make the rest, English combines letters into digraphs — two letters that work together to make one sound. Examples include:
th → /th/ as in thin or /th/ as in this
sh → /sh/ as in ship
ch → /ch/ as in chip
ng → /ng/ as in ring
zh → /zh/ as in casual or Asia
Altogether, digraphs add seven more sounds, bringing us to 29.
Vowels: Short, Long, and R-Controlled
Short vowels: /a/ in apple, /e/ in egg, etc.
Long vowels: when vowels “say their name,” like /a/ in cake.
R-controlled vowels: /ar/ in car, /or/ in horn, /er/ in bird.
With these, we reach 39.
The Last Five
English finishes the set with:
/oo/ as in moon
/ʊʊ/ as in book
/oi/ as in boil
/ou/ as in cow
/au/ as in haul
That brings the total to 44 phonemes.
Why This Matters for Readers
Learning to connect sounds, letters, and symbols is complex. Some students struggle with:
Auditory processing → hearing and distinguishing sounds
Memory → recalling letter names, forms, or sounds
Multiple spellings → realizing one sound may have several spellings
This is why teachers must approach instruction with patience, playfulness, and praise. Building phonemic awareness and sound–symbol association is the key step that unlocks reading success.