The Wisdom of a Movable Walkway

Learning to Read: An Airport Walkway Analogy

The Walk to the Gate

Imagine yourself rushing through Denver International Airport. You hop on the moving walkway to speed things up. You’ve got no bags, just a book in hand, and soon you’re passing everyone with ease.

Beside you is a couple: a woman juggling a baby and a diaper bag, a man pulling two heavy suitcases. They pause, readjust, and slowly move forward. A group of students carrying instruments strolls casually, moving no faster than the walkway itself.

You, meanwhile, stride forward, reach your gate in record time, and open your book while others are still arriving.

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The Connection to Reading

Learning to read works much the same way:

  • Some students race ahead. They pick up reading quickly, like travelers walking briskly on the moving walkway.

  • Some move steadily. Like the school band group, they progress at a comfortable pace with little extra effort.

  • Some struggle under the weight of extra “bags.” They pause, get stuck, and need help to move forward—much like the parents balancing a child and luggage.

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The Extra “Bags” Readers Carry

Developing reading skills requires many underlying abilities to work together:

  • Phonological processing

  • Memory and recall

  • Language development

  • Attention and focus

  • Conditions like dyslexia

When one of these areas is weak, a child carries extra “bags” that slow progress.

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Why Individualized Instruction Matters

For many students, standard reading instruction works well. But for others, success comes only when instruction is targeted to their needs. A reading specialist identifies which skills need strengthening and builds them step by step—like a personal trainer for the mind.

As those foundational skills grow stronger, the “bags” feel lighter. Students gain confidence, move at their own pace, and eventually reach their full potential—just like travelers finally reaching the departure gate.

The Sound Symbol Association

Understanding the 44 Sounds of English

Did you know that English uses just 44 sounds (phonemes) to build every word we speak and read? That may not sound like much, but the number of combinations is endless. For young readers, learning to hear, make, and blend these sounds is the foundation of reading.


From Sounds to Letters

Children start by recognizing and producing the 44 phonemes of English. The next step is connecting these sounds to letter names. For example: “The letter a says /a/, like in apple.” At this stage, children are adding a label (the letter’s name) to the sound they already know.

After that comes the challenge of connecting the sound and name to a symbol. A child begins to recognize that the written letter a represents the /a/ sound. This creates a three-part connection:

  • Phoneme: the sound

  • Grapheme: the written symbol

  • Letter name: the label we give it

Together, these form the foundation of sound–symbol association


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Why English Isn’t Simple

If English had one letter for every sound, reading would be much easier. But we only have 26 letters to represent 44 sounds. That means some letters get used in creative ways — and readers need to learn extra rules and patterns.

  • Four letters (c, q, x, y) don’t always have their own consistent sound identity.

  • Five letters are vowels (a, e, i, o, u). Vowels give words their “voice.”

  • The remaining 17 letters are consonants, made by shaping and stopping sounds with the mouth.

So far that covers 22 sounds. Where do the others come from?


Digraphs and Special Sounds

To make the rest, English combines letters into digraphs — two letters that work together to make one sound. Examples include:

  • th → /th/ as in thin or /th/ as in this

  • sh → /sh/ as in ship

  • ch → /ch/ as in chip

  • ng → /ng/ as in ring

  • zh → /zh/ as in casual or Asia

Altogether, digraphs add seven more sounds, bringing us to 29.


Vowels: Short, Long, and R-Controlled

  • Short vowels: /a/ in apple, /e/ in egg, etc.

  • Long vowels: when vowels “say their name,” like /a/ in cake.

  • R-controlled vowels: /ar/ in car, /or/ in horn, /er/ in bird.

With these, we reach 39.


The Last Five

English finishes the set with:

  • /oo/ as in moon

  • /ʊʊ/ as in book

  • /oi/ as in boil

     

  • /ou/ as in cow

  • /au/ as in haul

That brings the total to 44 phonemes.


Why This Matters for Readers

Learning to connect sounds, letters, and symbols is complex. Some students struggle with:

  • Auditory processing → hearing and distinguishing sounds

  • Memory → recalling letter names, forms, or sounds

  • Multiple spellings → realizing one sound may have several spellings

This is why teachers must approach instruction with patience, playfulness, and praise. Building phonemic awareness and sound–symbol association is the key step that unlocks reading success.

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